01 · أطلس المعرفة
التبديل إلى عرض الرسم البيانيموسوعة للنظم الاجتماعية
نظريات وفلسفات سياسية ونماذج اقتصادية وأنواع من المؤسسات وأشكال من الحكم الذاتي — تُتتبَّع كل فكرة عبر النظرية والأمثلة الواقعية والنقد والنتائج.
كل المدخلات · أ–ي
- Carole PatemanمفكرBritish political theorist whose Participation and Democratic Theory (1970) revived participatory democracy against elitist theories, whose The Sexual Contract (1988) argued that the social contract presupposes a hidden contract of male domination, and who has advocated basic income.
- Cherán K'eri communal self-government (Michoacán, Mexico)تجربةA Purépecha town in Michoacán that rose against illegal logging and organised crime in 2011, expelled political parties and won in court the right to govern itself by its own customs. A council of twelve elders chosen in neighbourhood assemblies has run the municipality since 2012.
- Citizens' Assembly of Scotland (2019–2021)تجربةA government-commissioned assembly of 104 randomly selected residents that met from October 2019 to December 2020 on what kind of country Scotland should be. Boycotted by unionist parties as a perceived independence vehicle, it produced 60 recommendations; the government answered in November 2021.
- Citizens' initiative reviewآليةA randomly selected panel of about two dozen voters studies a ballot measure for several days and writes a one-page statement of key findings and best arguments for and against, distributed to all voters. Developed in Oregon, made permanent there in 2011, and piloted in other US states and Switzerland.
- Citizenship and membershipمفهومFull membership of a political community, combining legal status, rights and duties, and participation. Acquired by birth on the territory (jus soli), by descent (jus sanguinis) or by naturalisation, citizenship is contested at its edges: denizens, stateless persons, dual nationals and investor citizens.
- City-stateنوع مؤسسةA self-governing political community centred on a single city and its hinterland, outside any larger state. Common from Sumer and the Greek poleis to the Italian republics and Hanseatic cities; today Singapore, Monaco and the Vatican are sovereign city-states, and Hamburg and Bremen are city-states within Germany.
- CityDAOتجربةA DAO organised as a Wyoming DAO LLC in 2021 that bought a 40-acre parcel in Wyoming and governed it through NFT-weighted votes; in May 2024 members voted to return the treasury to NFT holders.
- Climate Assembly UK (2020)تجربةA citizens' assembly of 108 randomly selected UK residents, commissioned by six House of Commons select committees, that met over six weekends in 2020 and set out how the UK should reach net zero by 2050. Its report was advisory; the government never gave the point-by-point response MPs asked for.
- Collective Constitutional AI (Anthropic and CIP, 2023)تجربةAn experiment in which about 1,000 representative Americans used the Polis platform to draft principles for an AI chatbot. Anthropic trained a model on the resulting public constitution and compared it with one trained on its own; the public model was less biased on a standard benchmark and equally capable.
- Communeنوع مؤسسةA self-governing local community: the medieval sworn town and today's basic municipality in France and Italy, the revolutionary city council of the Paris Commune (1871), or a settlement sharing property and labour. State-imposed communes, such as China's in 1958–1984, had disastrous results.
- CommunitarianismأيديولوجياA school of political thought, prominent from the 1980s, that criticises liberal individualism for neglecting how communities form persons, and argues for the common good, civic virtue, social responsibility and the strengthening of families, localities and civil society alongside rights.
- Confederationنوع مؤسسةA union of sovereign states that delegate defence, foreign affairs or trade to joint institutions acting mainly on member governments, usually with unanimity on key decisions and a right of exit. Examples include the Haudenosaunee, the US under the Articles (1781–1789) and the German Confederation.
- ConservatismأيديولوجياThe political disposition and tradition that distrusts abstract, rationalist plans for reconstructing society, values inherited institutions, customs and authority as stores of practical wisdom, and favours gradual reform over revolution.