Pooling of land, workshops or firms into jointly managed units. It ranges from voluntary collectives, as in revolutionary Catalonia, to state-driven campaigns in which participation was pressured or compulsory.
In more detail
In Catalonia an October 1936 decree made firms with over 100 workers compulsorily collectivised under elected councils, while mid-sized firms could collectivise by two-thirds vote; rural collectives grew from a mix of spontaneity and pressure, according to Seidman. In Tanzania, reviewers argued that calling the 1967-74 rural policy ‘collectivisation’ was misleading, since early ujamaa village-building was voluntary. The same word covers different processes: ask who decided, and whether people could leave.