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The Roots of Direct Democracy in the United States: South Dakota's 1898 Referendum Creating the First Statewide Initiative Process

John Dinan; Jac C. Heckelman · State Politics & Policy Quarterly 24(4), 432–446 · 2024

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Article
Author
John Dinan; Jac C. Heckelman
Accessed
2026-09-01

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EstablishedSouth Dakota was the first US state to adopt statewide initiative and referendum, in 1898. California ratified initiative, referendum and recall on 10 October 1911 under Governor Hiram Johnson's Progressive majority.