How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | General secretary and Politburo until 1989–90, then a partly elected Congress of People's Deputies, an executive presidency (1990) and increasingly assertive republican governments. | A stratified random sample of 523 voters deliberated in moderated groups and plenaries and answered questionnaires before and after; no decisions were taken.Sortition / citizens' assembly | Power concentrated in the party centre and in Xi Jinping as 'core'; central commissions chaired by Xi; presidential term limits removed in 2018; party bodies absorbed government functions. | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Negotiation of a new union treaty, televised parliamentary debate, and in several republics the use of troops against protesters. | Balanced briefing materials, trained neutral moderators and competing experts structured disagreement. | Party discipline commissions and supervisory commissions with extrajudicial detention (liuzhi); courts under party leadership; online petition and complaint platforms. | |
| How are public goods funded? | The planned welfare state continued, but shortages, inflationary finance and falling output eroded provision from 1989. | Privately funded; produced published results, media coverage and a peer-reviewed study. | State-led industrial policy, poverty-alleviation campaigns, infrastructure; local governments squeezed by debt and reduced land revenue. | |
| How is AI used? | None. | No AI role. | AI-enabled surveillance (facial recognition, big-data policing, IJOP in Xinjiang); algorithmic routing of citizen complaints. | |
| What are the main risks? | Economic collapse from half-finished reform, ethnic conflict, a hard-line coup, and the disintegration of the union.CLM-1116 | Self-selection into attendance; artificial setting; analysis by the method's designers; no institutional uptake. | Unchecked personal power and succession uncertainty, mass repression in Xinjiang and Tibet, surveillance, reduced local initiative, and policy errors without public correction.CLM-1095 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.