How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | + Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Council of 92 elected on 26 March 1871; no president or mayor; nine commissions under an executive commission; a Committee of Public Safety was created later by a divided vote. | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | The National Guard Central Committee and the executive both claimed command. The Decree on Hostages (5 April) and summary executions by both sides escalated the conflict. | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Rent-arrears remission, ban on night work in bakeries, return of small pawned tools, secular schooling, cooperative workshops and a cooperative restaurant giving free food to the poor.Cooperative ownership | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | No documented AI role. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | Besieged city facing a national army; divided authority; reprisals including hostage-taking; only two months to implement decrees.CLM-0125CLM-0126CLM-0949 | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.