“Paul Avrich, citing Elias Tcherikower's research, judged anti-Jewish acts by Makhnovists 'negligible' compared with those of other Civil War forces, and found that Makhno condemned antisemitism and had pogromists punished, including Ataman Grigoriev.”

Context. Avrich notes that charges of pogroms came 'from every quarter', notably Soviet propaganda, and that the question needs careful scrutiny by future biographers.