Polity Atlas
DisputedSource attached · not independently reviewedCLM-1192 · as of 2026-10-30 · about: Turkmenistan under Niyazov: personalist rule and gas rents (1991–2006) · Author: Polity Atlas editorial team

“Bohr argues that Turkmenistan is a petro-authoritarian state whose hydrocarbon export revenue funds the security services and patronage networks that sustain the regime; cross-national studies dispute whether resource wealth generally causes authoritarianism.”

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