“Rwanda's development gains since 1994 were made possible by the RPF's centralised, authoritarian management of economic rents.”

Context. Booth and Golooba-Mutebi argue that centralised rent management directed resources to long-term investment; Reyntjens argues that the gains depend on aid and official data the regime controls and that repression makes the model fragile. Comparable gains in other aid-dependent states complicate any causal attribution.