Polity Atlas
Thinker

Albert O. Hirschman

Economist who framed exit and voice as the two responses to decline in firms, organisations and states.

Source attached · not independently reviewedLast verified 2026-10-01 · revision 2 · 1 reviewersRevision historyЧитать на русском
Influence graph

Key ideas

TheoryExit, voice and loyaltyHirschman's framework: members respond to decline by leaving (exit) or speaking up (voice); loyalty shapes the balance.

Revision history

  1. 2026-10-23rev 2 — Seed import
  2. 2026-10-23rev 1 — Seed import