Polity Atlas
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"Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe

Markku Laakso; Rein Taagepera · Comparative Political Studies 12(1), 3–27 · 1979

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Type
Article
Author
Markku Laakso; Rein Taagepera
Identifier
DOI 10.1177/001041407901200101
Accessed
2026-09-01

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TheoryLijphart mapped democracies on two dimensions, executives–parties and federal–unitary, and argued that consensus democracies are 'kinder, gentler' democracies than majoritarian ones; the second edition (2012) examines 36 democracies from 1945 to 2010.