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Article

The Bad Tooth (review of Michael A. Ledeen, The First Duce: D'Annunzio at Fiume)

Luigi Barzini · The New York Review of Books, 15 June 1978 · 1978

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Type: Article
Author: Luigi Barzini
Accessed: 2026-09-01

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DisputedMichael Ledeen argues that D'Annunzio devised at Fiume much of the liturgy later used by Fascism, including 'the balcony address, the Roman salute, the cries of aia, aia, aia, alala', dramatic dialogues with the crowd and religious symbols in a secular setting.