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Makhno, Nestor

Serge Cipko; Michael Palij · Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies); first published in Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 · 1993

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Type: Web page
Author: Serge Cipko; Michael Palij
Accessed: 2026-09-01

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EstablishedMakhno's forces held territory in southern and eastern Ukraine, centred on Huliaipole, between late 1918 and 1920, reaching their greatest extent in autumn 1919 before being driven out by the Red Army.EstablishedThe movement's declared model was a network of free soviets as organs of local self-management, regional congresses of peasants, workers and insurgents, and voluntary ‘free’ communes; a participant records that constant war prevented this from being fully realised.DisputedInterpretations differ on what the Makhnovshchina was: an anarchist social revolution, a peasant insurgency within the Ukrainian revolution, or, in hostile accounts, banditry; sources on all sides are partisan.