How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | + Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | The president and a narrow circle of security and military officials decide; the Duma, Federation Council and Security Council ratify. | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Courts that follow the authorities in political cases; elite conflicts resolved by the president, sometimes violently; no independent arbiter. | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Military spending and payments to soldiers and their families have priority; pensions and services financed by oil and gas revenue under sanctions. | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | No algorithmic governance; facial recognition and online surveillance are used against protesters and draft evaders. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | Open-ended war, elite fragmentation (shown by the 2023 mutiny), economic strain from sanctions and war spending, and a succession with no agreed rules.CLM-1124 | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.