How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | + Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Politburo of the Communist Party under a general secretary who was first among equals; the Central Committee confirmed leaders and could remove them; ministries and Gosplan ran the economy. | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Bargaining inside the Politburo and the apparatus; courts and the KGB under party direction for society; no independent judiciary. | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Guaranteed employment, subsidised housing, food and transport, free education and health care, financed from the plan and from the 1970s by oil exports. | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | None; computerised planning (OGAS) was proposed but not built at scale. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | Gerontocracy and immobility, falling growth hidden by distorted statistics, dependence on oil prices, and repression of the critics who could have signalled problems. | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.