How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Politburo and Secretariat of the Communist Party, from the mid-1930s dominated personally by Stalin; soviets and the Supreme Soviet ratified decisions; Gosplan translated priorities into plans. | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | Unknown | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Inside the elite, by the general secretary and, in the 1930s, by purges; in society, by party committees, courts subordinate to the party and extrajudicial NKVD tribunals. | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | Unknown | |
| How are public goods funded? | State-provided schooling, health care, housing and pensions funded from the plan; priority for heavy industry and defence over consumption. | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | Unknown | |
| How is AI used? | None. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | Unknown | |
| What are the main risks? | No institutional check on the leader, information distorted by fear and plan bargaining, famine from coercive procurement, and mass state violence against citizens.CLM-1111 | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 | Unknown |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.