How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | Communes and elected councils at neighbourhood, district, canton and inter-region levels; co-chairs and a 40% minimum quota for either sex (Rojava Information Center).Popular assembly | A stratified random sample of 523 voters deliberated in moderated groups and plenaries and answered questionnaires before and after; no decisions were taken.Sortition / citizens' assembly | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | Commune reconciliation committees; regional Justice Councils administer tribunals and coordinate sentencing guidelines (Rojava Information Center). | Balanced briefing materials, trained neutral moderators and competing experts structured disagreement. | |
| How are public goods funded? | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | Regional offices and commissions for health, economy and natural resources; the administration controlled the area's oil extraction until integration (Crisis Group). | Privately funded; produced published results, media coverage and a peer-reviewed study. | |
| How is AI used? | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | No documented AI role. | No AI role. | |
| What are the main risks? | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 | Turkish military action; reliance on external security partners; documented displacement abuses; contested terms of integration with Damascus.CLM-0279CLM-0280 | Self-selection into attendance; artificial setting; analysis by the method's designers; no institutional uptake. |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.