Governance Explorer / Side by side How each model solves the same problems Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
Question Model A ✕ Gdańsk citizens' assemblies (since 2016) Aadhaar: India's biometric digital identity AI in government Åland Islands autonomy (Finland) Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Albania's AI 'minister' Diella Algocracy Algorithmic impact assessment America in One Room (2019 national Deliberative Poll) Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-communism Anarcho-syndicalism Andorra's co-principality Approval voting Arbitration Athenian democracy (Classical Athens) Auroville Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava) Autonomous region Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) Bali subak irrigation system Basque Concierto Económico (fiscal autonomy) Bellicist theory of state formation Better Reykjavik (Betri Reykjavík, since 2010) Bologna Regulation on urban commons (since 2014) British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (2004) Brook Farm Brussels Parliament mixed deliberative committees (since 2019) Bundestag citizens' assembly on nutrition (Bürgerrat Ernährung, 2023–2024) Champlain Housing Trust Charter city Cherán K'eri communal self-government (Michoacán, Mexico) Citizens' Assembly of Scotland (2019–2021) Citizens' initiative review Citizenship and membership City-state CityDAO Civic republicanism Climate Assembly UK (2020) Collective Constitutional AI (Anthropic and CIP, 2023) Commons governance Commune Communitarianism Community land trust Condorcet methods Confederation Conservatism Consociationalism Constitutional political economy Constitutionalism Cooperative ownership Cosmopolitan democracy DAO (decentralised autonomous organisation) Data commons and data governance Debian Project constitution Decide Madrid and the Consul software (since 2015) Decidim Barcelona Deliberative democracy Deliberative legitimacy Deliberative polling Demarchy Democratic confederalism Digital identity Digital statehood Distributism Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Provinces) Economic democracy Elite theory ENS DAO (Ethereum Name Service) Epistemic democracy Epistocracy Estonia e-Residency Estonian Internet voting (i-voting, since 2005) Evergreen Cooperatives (Cleveland, Ohio) Exit rights Exit, voice and loyalty Federalism Federation Free Territory (Makhnovshchina), Ukraine Freetown Christiania French Citizens' Convention for Climate (2019–2021) Frisian freedom (medieval Frisia) Futarchy G1000 Citizens' Summit (Belgium, 2011) Gaelic Ireland under Brehon law Georgism Gitcoin quadratic funding GiveDirectly's universal basic income study in Kenya (since 2017) Global citizens' assembly (proposed permanent body) Golden Age pirate ship articles Green politics Greenland self-government (Kalaallit Nunaat) Gross National Happiness (Bhutan) Hanseatic League (the German Hansa) Harberger tax Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois League) Hutterite colonies Icarian communities (Étienne Cabet) Iceland crowdsourced constitution Icelandic Commonwealth (Þjóðveldið) Igbo village polities (pre-colonial south-eastern Nigeria) Independent redistricting commission Indigenous self-government Initiative and referendum Ireland Citizens' Assembly (2016–2018) Iron law of oligarchy Israeli kibbutz movement Italian Regency of Carnaro (Fiume) Japanese iriai village commons Judicial review and constitutional courts Justice as fairness Kerala People's Plan Campaign Kleros (decentralised court) Kronstadt Commune (March 1921) Land value tax Landsgemeinde of Glarus Legislature by lot Liberalism Liberland Libertarianism Liquid democracy Logic of collective action Lycian League Maine lobster harbour gangs and zone management Majoritarian and consensus democracy MakerDAO / Sky Marinaleda (Andalusia, Spain) Market anarchism MetaDAO (futarchy on Solana) Metagov Mexico City's crowdsourced constitution (2016–2017) Micronation Mill's plural voting Mincome: the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment (Dauphin, 1974–1979) Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) Mondragon cooperatives Mongolia's national Deliberative Poll on constitutional amendments (2017) Mount Athos monastic self-government (Agion Oros) Mutualism Navajo Nation government (Diné Bikéyah) Negative income tax Network state New Harmony (Owenite community) New institutional economics Nouns DAO and its 2023 forks Novgorod Republic (veche city-state) Nunavut consensus government (Canada) Off-world settlement governance proposals (Mars) OGAS: the Soviet national automated management network Old Swiss Confederacy (to 1798) Ombudsman Oneida Community Optimism Collective (Token House, Citizens' House and Retro Funding) Oregon Citizens' Initiative Review (since 2010) Ostbelgien Citizens' Council and Citizens' Assemblies (since 2019) Paris Citizens' Assembly (Assemblée citoyenne de Paris, since 2021) Paris Commune (1871) Paris participatory budget (Budget Participatif, since 2014) Participatory budgeting Participatory Budgeting in New York City (PBNYC, since 2011) Participatory economics (parecon) Party-list proportional representation Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Political legitimacy Political representation Polyarchy Polycentric law Popular assembly Porto Alegre participatory budgeting Post-labour economy Prediction markets for policy Preston model of community wealth building Principal–agent theory of government Project Cybersyn (Chile) Próspera (Roatán, Honduras) Public algorithm register Public choice theory Quadratic funding Quadratic voting Ranked-choice voting (instant-runoff) Recall election Republic of Cospaia Republic of Minerva Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) Republic of Salé (Bou Regreg corsair republic) Republic of Venice Retroactive public goods funding Revolutionary Catalonia and the Aragon collectives (1936-1939) Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers Roman Republic Rule of law Sámi Parliament of Norway (Sámediggi) San Marino and its Captains Regent Sark: the Chief Pleas and the 2008 reform Seasteading Institute Seeing like a state (legibility and high modernism) Selectorate theory Self-determination Separation of powers Shaker communities (United Society of Believers) Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Shinmin autonomous region (Korean People's Association in Manchuria) Siena under the Nine (1287–1355) Single transferable vote (STV) Social choice theory Social contract theory Social democracy Socialism Sociocracy (consent decision-making) Somaliland (de facto state) Sortition / citizens' assembly South Tyrol autonomy (Italy) Sovereign Military Order of Malta (sovereignty without territory) Sovereign wealth fund dividend Sovereignty Special economic zone Spontaneous order Stateless societies (acephalous order) Stationary bandit theory Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED, 2019–2021) Subsidiarity Sunset clauses Swiss federal direct democracy (initiative and referendum) Taiwan's Alignment Assemblies on AI (2023–) Tangier International Zone Tanzanian ujamaa and villagisation Technocracy Technocracy movement (Technate of North America) Telosa (proposed city, United States) Term limits and rotation of office Theory of communicative action Tiebout model Törbel alpine commons (Valais, Switzerland) Twin Oaks Community Uniswap governance (UNI) Universal basic income Voluntary community Voluntary taxation vTaiwan Water Tribunal of the Plain of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas) Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 Whanganui River legal personhood (Te Awa Tupua) Wikipedia's self-governance Yugoslav workers' self-management (1950-1991) Zapatista autonomous municipalities (Chiapas) Zaporozhian Sich (Cossack host) Zuzalu Model B ✕ AI-assisted arbitration Aadhaar: India's biometric digital identity AI in government Åland Islands autonomy (Finland) Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Albania's AI 'minister' Diella Algocracy Algorithmic impact assessment America in One Room (2019 national Deliberative Poll) Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-communism Anarcho-syndicalism Andorra's co-principality Approval voting Arbitration Athenian democracy (Classical Athens) Auroville Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava) Autonomous region Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) Bali subak irrigation system Basque Concierto Económico (fiscal autonomy) Bellicist theory of state formation Better Reykjavik (Betri Reykjavík, since 2010) Bologna Regulation on urban commons (since 2014) British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (2004) Brook Farm Brussels Parliament mixed deliberative committees (since 2019) Bundestag citizens' assembly on nutrition (Bürgerrat Ernährung, 2023–2024) Champlain Housing Trust Charter city Cherán K'eri communal self-government (Michoacán, Mexico) Citizens' Assembly of Scotland (2019–2021) Citizens' initiative review Citizenship and membership City-state CityDAO Civic republicanism Climate Assembly UK (2020) Collective Constitutional AI (Anthropic and CIP, 2023) Commons governance Commune Communitarianism Community land trust Condorcet methods Confederation Conservatism Consociationalism Constitutional political economy Constitutionalism Cooperative ownership Cosmopolitan democracy DAO (decentralised autonomous organisation) Data commons and data governance Debian Project constitution Decide Madrid and the Consul software (since 2015) Decidim Barcelona Deliberative democracy Deliberative legitimacy Deliberative polling Demarchy Democratic confederalism Digital identity Digital statehood Distributism Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Provinces) Economic democracy Elite theory ENS DAO (Ethereum Name Service) Epistemic democracy Epistocracy Estonia e-Residency Estonian Internet voting (i-voting, since 2005) Evergreen Cooperatives (Cleveland, Ohio) Exit rights Exit, voice and loyalty Federalism Federation Free Territory (Makhnovshchina), Ukraine Freetown Christiania French Citizens' Convention for Climate (2019–2021) Frisian freedom (medieval Frisia) Futarchy G1000 Citizens' Summit (Belgium, 2011) Gaelic Ireland under Brehon law Georgism Gitcoin quadratic funding GiveDirectly's universal basic income study in Kenya (since 2017) Global citizens' assembly (proposed permanent body) Golden Age pirate ship articles Green politics Greenland self-government (Kalaallit Nunaat) Gross National Happiness (Bhutan) Hanseatic League (the German Hansa) Harberger tax Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois League) Hutterite colonies Icarian communities (Étienne Cabet) Iceland crowdsourced constitution Icelandic Commonwealth (Þjóðveldið) Igbo village polities (pre-colonial south-eastern Nigeria) Independent redistricting commission Indigenous self-government Initiative and referendum Ireland Citizens' Assembly (2016–2018) Iron law of oligarchy Israeli kibbutz movement Italian Regency of Carnaro (Fiume) Japanese iriai village commons Judicial review and constitutional courts Justice as fairness Kerala People's Plan Campaign Kleros (decentralised court) Kronstadt Commune (March 1921) Land value tax Landsgemeinde of Glarus Legislature by lot Liberalism Liberland Libertarianism Liquid democracy Logic of collective action Lycian League Maine lobster harbour gangs and zone management Majoritarian and consensus democracy MakerDAO / Sky Marinaleda (Andalusia, Spain) Market anarchism MetaDAO (futarchy on Solana) Metagov Mexico City's crowdsourced constitution (2016–2017) Micronation Mill's plural voting Mincome: the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment (Dauphin, 1974–1979) Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) Mondragon cooperatives Mongolia's national Deliberative Poll on constitutional amendments (2017) Mount Athos monastic self-government (Agion Oros) Mutualism Navajo Nation government (Diné Bikéyah) Negative income tax Network state New Harmony (Owenite community) New institutional economics Nouns DAO and its 2023 forks Novgorod Republic (veche city-state) Nunavut consensus government (Canada) Off-world settlement governance proposals (Mars) OGAS: the Soviet national automated management network Old Swiss Confederacy (to 1798) Ombudsman Oneida Community Optimism Collective (Token House, Citizens' House and Retro Funding) Oregon Citizens' Initiative Review (since 2010) Ostbelgien Citizens' Council and Citizens' Assemblies (since 2019) Paris Citizens' Assembly (Assemblée citoyenne de Paris, since 2021) Paris Commune (1871) Paris participatory budget (Budget Participatif, since 2014) Participatory budgeting Participatory Budgeting in New York City (PBNYC, since 2011) Participatory economics (parecon) Party-list proportional representation Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Political legitimacy Political representation Polyarchy Polycentric law Popular assembly Porto Alegre participatory budgeting Post-labour economy Prediction markets for policy Preston model of community wealth building Principal–agent theory of government Project Cybersyn (Chile) Próspera (Roatán, Honduras) Public algorithm register Public choice theory Quadratic funding Quadratic voting Ranked-choice voting (instant-runoff) Recall election Republic of Cospaia Republic of Minerva Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) Republic of Salé (Bou Regreg corsair republic) Republic of Venice Retroactive public goods funding Revolutionary Catalonia and the Aragon collectives (1936-1939) Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers Roman Republic Rule of law Sámi Parliament of Norway (Sámediggi) San Marino and its Captains Regent Sark: the Chief Pleas and the 2008 reform Seasteading Institute Seeing like a state (legibility and high modernism) Selectorate theory Self-determination Separation of powers Shaker communities (United Society of Believers) Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Shinmin autonomous region (Korean People's Association in Manchuria) Siena under the Nine (1287–1355) Single transferable vote (STV) Social choice theory Social contract theory Social democracy Socialism Sociocracy (consent decision-making) Somaliland (de facto state) Sortition / citizens' assembly South Tyrol autonomy (Italy) Sovereign Military Order of Malta (sovereignty without territory) Sovereign wealth fund dividend Sovereignty Special economic zone Spontaneous order Stateless societies (acephalous order) Stationary bandit theory Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED, 2019–2021) Subsidiarity Sunset clauses Swiss federal direct democracy (initiative and referendum) Taiwan's Alignment Assemblies on AI (2023–) Tangier International Zone Tanzanian ujamaa and villagisation Technocracy Technocracy movement (Technate of North America) Telosa (proposed city, United States) Term limits and rotation of office Theory of communicative action Tiebout model Törbel alpine commons (Valais, Switzerland) Twin Oaks Community Uniswap governance (UNI) Universal basic income Voluntary community Voluntary taxation vTaiwan Water Tribunal of the Plain of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas) Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 Whanganui River legal personhood (Te Awa Tupua) Wikipedia's self-governance Yugoslav workers' self-management (1950-1991) Zapatista autonomous municipalities (Chiapas) Zaporozhian Sich (Cossack host) Zuzalu Model C ✕ Republican freedom as non-domination Aadhaar: India's biometric digital identity AI in government Åland Islands autonomy (Finland) Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Albania's AI 'minister' Diella Algocracy Algorithmic impact assessment America in One Room (2019 national Deliberative Poll) Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-communism Anarcho-syndicalism Andorra's co-principality Approval voting Arbitration Athenian democracy (Classical Athens) Auroville Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava) Autonomous region Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) Bali subak irrigation system Basque Concierto Económico (fiscal autonomy) Bellicist theory of state formation Better Reykjavik (Betri Reykjavík, since 2010) Bologna Regulation on urban commons (since 2014) British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (2004) Brook Farm Brussels Parliament mixed deliberative committees (since 2019) Bundestag citizens' assembly on nutrition (Bürgerrat Ernährung, 2023–2024) Champlain Housing Trust Charter city Cherán K'eri communal self-government (Michoacán, Mexico) Citizens' Assembly of Scotland (2019–2021) Citizens' initiative review Citizenship and membership City-state CityDAO Civic republicanism Climate Assembly UK (2020) Collective Constitutional AI (Anthropic and CIP, 2023) Commons governance Commune Communitarianism Community land trust Condorcet methods Confederation Conservatism Consociationalism Constitutional political economy Constitutionalism Cooperative ownership Cosmopolitan democracy DAO (decentralised autonomous organisation) Data commons and data governance Debian Project constitution Decide Madrid and the Consul software (since 2015) Decidim Barcelona Deliberative democracy Deliberative legitimacy Deliberative polling Demarchy Democratic confederalism Digital identity Digital statehood Distributism Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Provinces) Economic democracy Elite theory ENS DAO (Ethereum Name Service) Epistemic democracy Epistocracy Estonia e-Residency Estonian Internet voting (i-voting, since 2005) Evergreen Cooperatives (Cleveland, Ohio) Exit rights Exit, voice and loyalty Federalism Federation Free Territory (Makhnovshchina), Ukraine Freetown Christiania French Citizens' Convention for Climate (2019–2021) Frisian freedom (medieval Frisia) Futarchy G1000 Citizens' Summit (Belgium, 2011) Gaelic Ireland under Brehon law Georgism Gitcoin quadratic funding GiveDirectly's universal basic income study in Kenya (since 2017) Global citizens' assembly (proposed permanent body) Golden Age pirate ship articles Green politics Greenland self-government (Kalaallit Nunaat) Gross National Happiness (Bhutan) Hanseatic League (the German Hansa) Harberger tax Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois League) Hutterite colonies Icarian communities (Étienne Cabet) Iceland crowdsourced constitution Icelandic Commonwealth (Þjóðveldið) Igbo village polities (pre-colonial south-eastern Nigeria) Independent redistricting commission Indigenous self-government Initiative and referendum Ireland Citizens' Assembly (2016–2018) Iron law of oligarchy Israeli kibbutz movement Italian Regency of Carnaro (Fiume) Japanese iriai village commons Judicial review and constitutional courts Justice as fairness Kerala People's Plan Campaign Kleros (decentralised court) Kronstadt Commune (March 1921) Land value tax Landsgemeinde of Glarus Legislature by lot Liberalism Liberland Libertarianism Liquid democracy Logic of collective action Lycian League Maine lobster harbour gangs and zone management Majoritarian and consensus democracy MakerDAO / Sky Marinaleda (Andalusia, Spain) Market anarchism MetaDAO (futarchy on Solana) Metagov Mexico City's crowdsourced constitution (2016–2017) Micronation Mill's plural voting Mincome: the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment (Dauphin, 1974–1979) Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) Mondragon cooperatives Mongolia's national Deliberative Poll on constitutional amendments (2017) Mount Athos monastic self-government (Agion Oros) Mutualism Navajo Nation government (Diné Bikéyah) Negative income tax Network state New Harmony (Owenite community) New institutional economics Nouns DAO and its 2023 forks Novgorod Republic (veche city-state) Nunavut consensus government (Canada) Off-world settlement governance proposals (Mars) OGAS: the Soviet national automated management network Old Swiss Confederacy (to 1798) Ombudsman Oneida Community Optimism Collective (Token House, Citizens' House and Retro Funding) Oregon Citizens' Initiative Review (since 2010) Ostbelgien Citizens' Council and Citizens' Assemblies (since 2019) Paris Citizens' Assembly (Assemblée citoyenne de Paris, since 2021) Paris Commune (1871) Paris participatory budget (Budget Participatif, since 2014) Participatory budgeting Participatory Budgeting in New York City (PBNYC, since 2011) Participatory economics (parecon) Party-list proportional representation Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Political legitimacy Political representation Polyarchy Polycentric law Popular assembly Porto Alegre participatory budgeting Post-labour economy Prediction markets for policy Preston model of community wealth building Principal–agent theory of government Project Cybersyn (Chile) Próspera (Roatán, Honduras) Public algorithm register Public choice theory Quadratic funding Quadratic voting Ranked-choice voting (instant-runoff) Recall election Republic of Cospaia Republic of Minerva Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) Republic of Salé (Bou Regreg corsair republic) Republic of Venice Retroactive public goods funding Revolutionary Catalonia and the Aragon collectives (1936-1939) Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers Roman Republic Rule of law Sámi Parliament of Norway (Sámediggi) San Marino and its Captains Regent Sark: the Chief Pleas and the 2008 reform Seasteading Institute Seeing like a state (legibility and high modernism) Selectorate theory Self-determination Separation of powers Shaker communities (United Society of Believers) Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Shinmin autonomous region (Korean People's Association in Manchuria) Siena under the Nine (1287–1355) Single transferable vote (STV) Social choice theory Social contract theory Social democracy Socialism Sociocracy (consent decision-making) Somaliland (de facto state) Sortition / citizens' assembly South Tyrol autonomy (Italy) Sovereign Military Order of Malta (sovereignty without territory) Sovereign wealth fund dividend Sovereignty Special economic zone Spontaneous order Stateless societies (acephalous order) Stationary bandit theory Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED, 2019–2021) Subsidiarity Sunset clauses Swiss federal direct democracy (initiative and referendum) Taiwan's Alignment Assemblies on AI (2023–) Tangier International Zone Tanzanian ujamaa and villagisation Technocracy Technocracy movement (Technate of North America) Telosa (proposed city, United States) Term limits and rotation of office Theory of communicative action Tiebout model Törbel alpine commons (Valais, Switzerland) Twin Oaks Community Uniswap governance (UNI) Universal basic income Voluntary community Voluntary taxation vTaiwan Water Tribunal of the Plain of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas) Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 Whanganui River legal personhood (Te Awa Tupua) Wikipedia's self-governance Yugoslav workers' self-management (1950-1991) Zapatista autonomous municipalities (Chiapas) Zaporozhian Sich (Cossack host) Zuzalu How are decisions made? About 60 randomly selected residents learn, deliberate and vote; recommendations with at least 80% support are treated as binding on the mayor, lower ones as advice. Sortition / citizens' assembly Unknown Unknown How are conflicts resolved? Facilitated small groups and supermajority voting; independent coordinators choose experts; disputes over competence end with other authorities. Unknown Unknown How are public goods funded? City-funded process; outcomes direct municipal spending on flood retention, emergency help and clean-air measures. Unknown Unknown How is AI used? No AI role. Unknown Unknown What are the main risks? Binding force rests on a mayoral promise, not law; recommendations beyond municipal powers; irregular frequency. Unknown Unknown
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.