How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | A national random sample deliberated in moderated groups and plenaries and answered the same questionnaire before and after; Parliament kept the decision.Sortition / citizens' assembly | Unknown | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Balanced briefing materials and competing experts; an advisory group of civic leaders reported results; final disputes settled by parliamentary supermajority. | Unknown | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | State-funded under the 2017 Law on Deliberative Polling; results published for legislators and the public. | Unknown | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | No AI role. | Unknown | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | Selective uptake by Parliament without reasons; political turnover delaying reform; evidence base dominated by the method's designers.CLM-0463 | Unknown | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.