How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Planned federation of village assemblies with delegates to district and regional councils, under an association chaired by Kim Jwa-jin. | A stratified random sample of 523 voters deliberated in moderated groups and plenaries and answered questionnaires before and after; no decisions were taken.Sortition / citizens' assembly | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Little documented; disputes were handled by association leaders and village bodies amid armed conflict with rivals. | Balanced briefing materials, trained neutral moderators and competing experts structured disagreement. | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Cooperative farming, purchasing and credit, free community schools and armed self-defence units, funded by settlers' contributions.Cooperative ownership | Privately funded; produced published results, media coverage and a peer-reviewed study. | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | None; an interwar experiment. | No AI role. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | Assassination and repression, rivalry with communists, poverty of tenant farmers, and conquest by Japan.CLM-0398 | Self-selection into attendance; artificial setting; analysis by the method's designers; no institutional uptake. | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.