How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Sovereign cantons (Landsgemeinde assemblies in rural cantons, councils in cities) linked by treaties; a diet of envoys bound by instructions; majority voting only for common lands.Popular assembly | Unknown | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Arbitration by neutral cantons under alliance treaties; mediation by the diet; confessional peace treaties after civil wars.Arbitration | Unknown | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Communal alpine pastures and forests; cantonal defence; mercenary contracts financing governments; joint administration of condominiums. | Unknown | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | None; a pre-modern confederation. | Unknown | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | No common executive, religious civil war, oligarchic city rule, exploitation of subject lands, dependence on foreign pensions. | Unknown | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.