How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Councils or diets of member-state delegates, often by unanimity or qualified majority. | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | Unknown | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Negotiation among members; arbitration or joint courts in more developed unions. | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | Unknown | |
| How are public goods funded? | Common defence and diplomacy funded by members' contributions rather than direct taxation. | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | Unknown | |
| How is AI used? | No inherent AI role. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | Unknown | |
| What are the main risks? | Free-riding on contributions, veto paralysis, dominance by large members and dissolution. | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 | Unknown |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.