How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | A constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament since 2008; GNH is a guiding principle (Art. 9) and a policy lens, not a separate decision body. | Unknown | A 28-member General Council (half elected by parish, half by national list) elects the head of government; the co-princes sanction laws with countersignature. | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | GNH Commission screening of draft policies was advisory, not a veto (GNH Centre Bhutan); the Commission was dissolved in 2022. | Unknown | A four-member Constitutional Tribunal appointed by the co-princes and the General Council; ordinary courts. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Surveys track nine domains: psychological well-being, health, education, time use, cultural diversity, governance, community vitality, ecology and living standards. | Unknown | Health, education and infrastructure funded by indirect, corporate and personal taxes; parishes run local services. | |
| How is AI used? | No documented AI role. | Unknown | No specific role for AI. | |
| What are the main risks? | Vague concept open to selective use; self-reported survey data; limited evidence that GNH changes decisions; critics cite minority exclusion.CLM-0292 | Unknown | Clash between the episcopal co-prince and legislation such as abortion; exclusion of non-citizens; dependence on France, Spain and the EU. |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.