How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Enterprise data was to flow to a Santiago operations room, with alerts returning to managers; engineers described the modelling in practice as technocratic and top down. | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | Unknown | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Unknown | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | Unknown | |
| How are public goods funded? | Unknown | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | Unknown | |
| How is AI used? | No AI: statistical monitoring and simulation on one mainframe; often cited as an early precursor of data-driven governance. | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | Unknown | |
| What are the main risks? | Centralised data collection, limited worker participation in practice, dependence on one government, and claims about its achievements that outrun the evidence. | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 | Unknown |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.