How each model solves the same problems
Instead of “democracy versus anarchism”, compare the concrete ways collective problems get solved.
| Question | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How are decisions made? | Mandatory referendum on constitutional changes; 50,000 signatures in 100 days force a vote on a law; 100,000 in 18 months put an initiative on the ballot. | Unknown | A statutory authority (UIDAI) under the central government sets rules; ministries decide where Aadhaar is required; Parliament legislated in 2016 and 2019.Digital identity | |
| How are conflicts resolved? | Parliament may add a counter-proposal; initiatives and constitutional votes need a double majority of voters and cantons. | Unknown | Grievance channels at UIDAI and service agencies; constitutional challenges in the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2017 and 2018. | |
| How are public goods funded? | Voters decide on federal taxes, social insurance, treaties and many other measures. | Unknown | A universal, low-cost proof of identity used for welfare transfers, financial inclusion and public services. | |
| How is AI used? | No documented AI role. | Unknown | No AI in decision-making as such; automated biometric matching and deduplication decide authentication, and face authentication was added in 2018. | |
| What are the main risks? | Participation around half of voters, unequal campaign resources, past exclusion of women, and tension between initiatives and other legal commitments. | Unknown | Exclusion through authentication failures, data leaks, surveillance and profiling, weak independent oversight and function creep.CLM-0544 |
This illustrates differences in design; it is not a universal claim about outcomes. Each cell links to mechanisms and the claims behind them.