Libertarianism

Individual liberty — especially freedom from coercion — is the central political value; the state's legitimate role is limited, at most, to protecting rights.

Nozick's minimal state, Hayek's critique of central planning and Milton Friedman's economics are touchstones. Left-libertarians share the emphasis on self-ownership but treat natural resources as owned in common.

• The Free State Project (founded 2001) encourages libertarians to move to New Hampshire to influence state politics.
• Charter cities and special jurisdictions often draw on libertarian arguments.

Critics argue that formal liberty without resources is hollow, that markets underprovide public goods and that the minimal state is an unstable resting point.

Libertarian ideas influence policy debates on regulation and taxation in many countries, but no state is organised on a strictly minimal-state model.