Turkmenistan: Power, Politics and Petro-Authoritarianism
Annette Bohr — Turkmenistan: Power, Politics and Petro-Authoritarianism (2016)Annette Bohr · 2016 · Report · Chapter on the economyEstablishedSource attached · not independently reviewedCLM-1191 · as of 2026-10-30 · about: Turkmenistan under Niyazov: personalist rule and gas rents (1991–2006) · Author: Polity Atlas editorial team
“Since 1993 the population of Turkmenistan has been supplied with gas, electricity, water and salt free of charge, within limits, a subsidy system introduced by Niyazov.”
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