Polity Atlas
EstablishedSource attached · not independently reviewedCLM-1115 · as of 2026-10-30 · about: Soviet Union: perestroika, democratisation and collapse (1985–1991) · Author: Polity Atlas editorial team

“Gorbachev's economic reforms decentralised enterprise decisions and legalised cooperatives without freeing prices or hardening budgets, which worsened shortages and the budget deficit in 1989–1991.”

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