Polity Atlas
EstablishedSource attached · not independently reviewedCLM-1063 · as of 2026-10-30 · about: Petition and complaint systems (xinfang) · Author: Polity Atlas editorial team

“Human Rights Watch documented in 2009 that petitioners in China were held in secret, unlawful detention facilities ('black jails'), often in hotels, nursing homes and psychiatric hospitals, where detainees reported abuse; the government denied that such facilities exist.”

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Context

Xinfang: An Alternative to Formal Chinese Legal Institutions

Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China

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