01 · Atlas do Conhecimento
Mudar para a visão em grafoUma enciclopédia dos sistemas sociais
Teorias, filosofias políticas, modelos econômicos, tipos de instituições e formas de autogoverno — cada ideia rastreada por meio da teoria, de exemplos reais, da crítica e dos resultados.
Todos os verbetes · A–Z
- Balaji SrinivasanPensadorEmpreendedor e investidor; autor de The Network State (2022).
- Bali subak irrigation systemExperimentoBalinese farmers' associations (subaks) that share water from common weirs and coordinate planting through a network of water temples. Lansing showed that temple-level scheduling balances water supply against pest control; the system survived a Green Revolution conflict and was listed by UNESCO in 2012.
- Basque Concierto Económico (fiscal autonomy)ExperimentoSpain's Basque Country collects and regulates most of its own taxes through its three historical territories and pays the State a negotiated quota (cupo) for services it does not provide. Dating from 1878 and renewed in 1981 and 2002, it is one of Europe's strongest regional fiscal autonomies.
- Bellicist theory of state formationTeoriaCharles Tilly's argument that in early modern Europe war made the state and the state made war: the need to fund armies forced rulers to tax, borrow and build bureaucracies. Influential for Europe, it travels poorly to Africa and Latin America, and economic rivals dispute its causal priority.
- Better Reykjavik (Betri Reykjavík, desde 2010)ExperimentoPlataforma on-line em que os moradores propõem, debatem e classificam ideias; desde 2011, as ideias mais bem classificadas são enviadas mensalmente às comissões da câmara municipal de Reykjavik, que devem processá-las e respondê-las.
- Bologna Regulation on urban commons (since 2014)ExperimentoA 2014 municipal regulation that lets residents and groups sign 'collaboration pacts' with the City of Bologna to care for and regenerate public spaces and buildings as commons. Based on the constitutional principle of horizontal subsidiarity, it has been copied by over 300 Italian municipalities, with more than 8,000 pacts signed nationally.
- Brook FarmExperimentoFazenda comunitária e escola em West Roxbury, Massachusetts (1841–1847), fundada por George Ripley com ideais transcendentalistas como sociedade por ações e convertida, em 1844, em uma associação fourierista. Dívidas e um incêndio puseram fim à experiência.
- Bruce L. BensonPensadorEconomista que argumentou que o direito pode ser, e historicamente muitas vezes foi, produzido sem o Estado.
- Brussels Parliament mixed deliberative committees (since 2019)ExperimentoSince December 2019 the Brussels regional parliament and the French-speaking Brussels parliament can form committees in which 45 citizens drawn by lot sit with 15 MPs (36 and 12 in the francophone body) to draft recommendations. Six had been held by 2024; MPs must report on follow-up within six months.
- Bundestag citizens' assembly on nutrition (Bürgerrat Ernährung, 2023–2024)ExperimentoThe first citizens' assembly commissioned by the German Bundestag itself: 160 residents aged 16 or over, drawn by a public lottery, deliberated from September 2023 to January 2024 on food policy. Its nine recommendations, led by free school lunches for all children, were debated in March 2024 but are not binding.