01 · أطلس المعرفة
التبديل إلى عرض الرسم البيانيموسوعة للنظم الاجتماعية
نظريات وفلسفات سياسية ونماذج اقتصادية وأنواع من المؤسسات وأشكال من الحكم الذاتي — تُتتبَّع كل فكرة عبر النظرية والأمثلة الواقعية والنقد والنتائج.
كل المدخلات · أ–ي
- DAO (المنظمة اللامركزية المستقلة)نوع مؤسسةمنظمة تُرمَّز قواعدها وخزينتها في عقود ذكية على سلسلة كتل، وتُحكَم عادةً بتصويت حاملي الرموز.
- Data commons and data governanceمفهومArrangements in which data are pooled and governed as a shared resource by a community, under rules about access, use and benefit, rather than held exclusively by firms or states. Includes data cooperatives, data trusts, open-data commons and Indigenous data sovereignty.
- Debian Project constitutionتجربةThe volunteer Debian operating-system project has governed itself since 1998 under a written constitution: developers elect a Project Leader each year, a Technical Committee settles technical disputes, and general resolutions use ranked Condorcet-style voting with supermajorities for foundational changes.
- Decide Madrid وبرنامج Consul (منذ 2015)تجربةمنصة المشاركة الإلكترونية لمجلس بلدية مدريد، أُطلقت عام 2015، وتجمع بين المقترحات والنقاشات واستطلاعات الرأي والميزنة التشاركية. أما برنامجها مفتوح المصدر، Consul، فتعيد استخدامه جهات عامة كثيرة أخرى.
- Deliberative pollingآليةA random sample of citizens is surveyed, given balanced information, deliberates with experts and in small groups, and is surveyed again; the change is presented as considered public opinion. Devised by James Fishkin; first run in the UK in 1994 and required by law for constitutional amendments in Mongolia since 2017.
- DemocracyNextorganisationInternational research and action institute, registered as a Dutch foundation, that promotes citizens' assemblies and other institutions based on sortition, deliberation and rotation, and advises governments on making them permanent.
- Douglass NorthمفكرAmerican economic historian who defined institutions as the humanly devised 'rules of the game', explained long-run economic performance by institutional change and path dependence, and shared the 1993 Nobel memorial prize in economics.
- Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Provinces)تجربةA confederation of seven sovereign provinces (1579/1588–1795) governed by a States General voting by province, provincial States dominated by urban regents, and stadtholders from the House of Orange. It became Europe's leading commercial power and a haven of relative religious toleration, but its unanimity rules and factional strife were notorious.